Active/Passive muscle Insufficiency

Principles of Medical Physiology

 By Sabyasachi Sircar

Active & Passive Insufficiency [p 122]

Two joints muscles - cross two joints. Eg: Hamstrings, Rectus Femoris

Active Insufficiency -  two joints muscle in excessively slack position. Eg. Difficulty in fingers flexion when wrist is flexed.

Passive Insufficiency - two joints muscle in excessively stretched position. Eg.

Hip extention + knee flexion => Hamstring in Active Insufficiency; Rectus Femoris in Passive Insufficiency
Hip Flexion + Knee Flexion => Hamstring in Passive Insufficiency; Rectus Femoris in Active Insufficiency

p.124
Skeletal Lever System
Class 1 Lever: Neck Extensors
Class 2 Lever: Masseter // few examples
Class 3 Lever: Bracialis // самый распространенный вариант